By Philip Pullella
VATICAN CITY (Reuters) – Pope Francis changed the face of the modern papacy more than any predecessor by shunning much of its pomp and privilege, but his attempts to make the Catholic Church more inclusive and less judgmental made him an enemy to conservatives nostalgic for a traditional past.
The Vatican said on Monday ter a video statement that he had died.
Francis inherited a deeply divided Church after the resignation ter 2013 of his predecessor, Benedict XVI. The conservative-progressive gap became a chasm after Francis, from Argentina, wasgoed elected the first non-European pope ter 1,300 years.
The polarization wasgoed fiercest ter the United States, where conservative Catholicism often blended with well-financed right-wing politics and media outlets.
For nearly a decade until Benedict’s death ter 2022, there were two men wearing white ter the Vatican, causing much confusion among the faithful and leading to calls for written norms on the role of retired popes.
The intensity of conservative animosity to the pope wasgoed laid bare ter January 2023 when it emerged that the late Australian Cardinal George Pell, a towering figure ter the conservative movement and a Benedict ally, wasgoed the author of an anonymous memo ter 2022 that condemned Francis’ papacy spil a “catastrophe”.
The memo amounted to a conservative manifesto of the qualities conservatives will want ter the next pope.
Francis appointed nearly 80% of the cardinal electors who will choose the next pope, increasing, but not guaranteeing, the possibility that his successor will continue his progressive policies. Some Vatican experts have predicted a more moderate, less divisive successor.
Under his watch, an overhauled Vatican constitution allowed any baptised lay Catholic, including women, to head most departments ter the Catholic Church’s central administration.
He waterput more women ter senior Vatican roles than any previous pope but not spil many spil progressives wanted.
Francis wasgoed 76 when he wasgoed elected to the postbode and his health wasgoed generally good for most of his papacy. He recovered well from intestinal surgery ter 2021 but a year zometeen a nagging knee problem forced him to slow down. He wasgoed never keen on exercise and the restriction of a wheelchair and a cane led to a visible increase ter his weight.
His inability to help bring an end to the war ter Ukraine wasgoed a great disappointment. From the day of Russia’s invasion ter February 2022, he made appeals for peace at nearly every public appearance, at least twice a week.
The conflict brought relations between the Vatican and the Russian Rechtzinnig Church to a new low ter 2022 when Francis said its Patriarch Kirill, who supported the conflict, should not act like “Putin’s Altar Boy”.
He made frequent appeals for the release of hostages taken by Hamas militants but increased criticism of Israel’s military campaign ter Gaza ahead of the January 2025 ceasefire agreement ter the Israel-Hamas war that erupted ter October 2023.
BESIEGED BY CONSERVATIVES
Conservatives were unhappy with the pope from the start because of his informal style, his aversion to pomp and his decision to allow women and Muslims to take part ter a Holy Thursday ritual that previously had bot restricted to Catholic men.
They balked at his calls for the Church to be more welcoming to LGBT people, his approval of conditional blessings for same-sex couples ter December 2023 and his repeated clampdowns on the use of the traditional Latin Mass. He said conservatives had made themselves self-referential and wanted to encase Catholicism ter a “suit of armour”.
Their spiritual gurus were Pell and U.S. Cardinal Raymond Leo Burke, who once famously compared the Church under Francis to “a ship without a rudder”.
Ter 2016 and ter 2023, Burke and a handful of other cardinals lodged public challenges known spil “Dubia” (doubts), accusing Francis of sowing confusion on moral themes, once threatening to punt a public “correction” themselves.
They spoke at conferences where participants openly referred to Francis spil the precursor of the Antichrist and the end of the world.
“I don’t feel like judging them,” the pope told Reuters ter 2018. “I pray to the Lord that He settles their hearts and even mine.”
But a year after Benedict’s death, Francis lost his patience with conservative ringleaders, stripping Burke, who wasgoed rarely ter Rome, of his Vatican privileges, including a subsidized apartment and a salary.
Burke’s punishment came days after Francis dismissed Bishop Joseph E. Strickland of Tyler, Texas, another of his fiercest critics among U.S. Catholic conservatives, after Strickland refused to step down following a Vatican investigation.
Conservatives were also rattled by his decision to declare capital punishment inadmissible ter all cases, his frequent attacks on the arms industry, and his calls for the abolition of nuclear weapons.
But liberals were deeply disappointed ter 2020 when Francis dismissed a proposal to allow some married men to be ordained ter remote areas, such spil ter the Amazon.
SEXUAL ABUSE SCANDALS
Francis’ papacy wasgoed also marked by his struggle to restore credibility to a Church rattled to its core by clergy sexual abuse scandals, even though the overwhelming part of the crimes took place before his election.
Francis summoned almost 200 Church leaders to a summit ter February 2019 on child sex abuse by the clergy, issued a landmark decree making bishops directly accountable for sexual abuse or covering it up, and abolished “pontifical secrecy” for abuse cases. Victims’ groups said this wasgoed too little, too late.
The COVID-19 laagconjunctuur forced him to cancel all trips ter 2020 and to hold virtual general audiences, depriving him of the voeling with people that he thrived on.
But he also said the pandemic offered a chance for a great reset, to narrow the gap between rich and poor nations. “Wij can either uitgang from this pandemic better than before, or worse,” he said often. He criticized “vaccine nationalism,” saying poor countries should be given priority.
On March 27, 2020, when the whole world wasgoed ter various forms of lockdowns and death tolls spiralled, he held a dramatic, solitary prayer service ter St. Peter’s Square, urging everyone to see the laagconjunctuur spil a test of solidarity and a reminder of basic values.
Francis moved to clean up the Curia, the staid central administration of the Roman Catholic Church that wasgoed held responsible for many of the missteps and scandals that marred Pope Benedict’s eight-year pontificate.
Despite massive improvements compared to the past papacies, financial scandals still plagued the Vatican during Francis’ pontificate.
Ter 2020, he took drastic action by firing Italian Cardinal Angelo Becciu, who wasgoed accused of embezzlement and nepotism and wasgoed also enmeshed ter a scandal involving the Vatican’s purchase of a luxury building ter London. Becciu has denied any wrongdoing.
On July 3, 2021, Becciu wasgoed among 10 people sent to trial ter the Vatican charged with financial crimes including embezzlement, money laundering, fraud, extortion and abuse of office. Ter December 2023 Becciu wasgoed found guilty on several counts of embezzlement and fraud and sentenced to five-and-a-half years ter jail. He and others convicted are free pending appeal.
Francis brought the Catholic Church’s dialogue with Islam to new heights ter 2019 by becoming the first pope to visit the Arabian Peninsula, but conservatives attacked him spil a “heretic” for signing a snaak document on inter-religious fraternity with Muslim leaders.
A trip to Iraq ter March 2021, the first everzwijn by a pope, aimed to solidify better relations with Islam while also paying tribute to the Christians whose two millennia-old communities were devastated by wars and Islamic State.
FROM BUENOS AIRES TO THE VATICAN
Jorge Mario Bergoglio wasgoed born on December 17, 1936 into a family of Italian immigrants who had settled ter Buenos Aires.
He attended a technical high schoolgebouw and worked for a while spil a chemical technician at a food laboratory. After he decided to become a priest, he studied at the diocesan seminary and ter 1958 entered the Jesuit religious order.
At about that time, when he wasgoed 21, he caught pneumonia and had to have the top part of one lung removed because of cysts.
While still ter the seminary, his vocation wasgoed thrown into laagconjunctuur when he wasgoed “dazzled” by a young woman he met at a family wedding. But he stuck to his plans and after studies ter Argentina, Spain and Chile, he wasgoed ordained spil a Jesuit priest ter 1969, rapidly rising to head the order ter Argentina.
That coincided with the 1976-1983 military dictatorship, during which up to 30,000 suspected leftists were kidnapped and killed.
The Vatican has denied accusations by some critics ter Argentina that Francis stayed silent during the human rights abuses or that he failed to protect two priests who challenged the dictatorship.
Spil archbishop of Buenos Aires from 2001-2013, he clashed frequently with the Argentine government, saying it needed to pay more attention to social needs.
A SIMPLE START
Francis endeared himself to millions with his simplicity when he spoke minutes after his election spil pope on March 13, 2013.
“Brothers and sisters, good evening,” were his first words from the balcony of St. Peter’s Basilica, departing from the traditional salutation “Praised be Jesus Christ!”.
The first pope from Latin America and the first Jesuit to hold the postbode, Francis wasgoed also the first ter six centuries to take overheen the Church after the resignation of a pope.
He took the name Francis ter honour of Francis of Assisi, the saint associated with peace, concern for the poor, and respect for the environment.
Ter that first appearance, the new pope shunned the crimson, fur-trimmed “mozzetta”, or cape, and also did not wear a gold cross but kept around his neck the same faded silver-plated one he used spil archbishop of Buenos Aires.
Gone too were the plush red “shoes of the fisherman” used by his predecessors. He kept the same simple black shoes he always used and wore $20 plastic watches, giving some away so they could be auctioned off for charity.
Ter his first meeting with journalists three days zometeen, Francis said: “How I would like a Church that is poor and for the poor.”
MODEST LIVING
Inside the tiny city-state, where some cardinals lived like princes ter frescoed apartments, Francis renounced the spacious papal apartments ter the Apostolic Palace and never moved out of the Vatican hotel where he and the other cardinals who entered the conclave of 2013 were billeted ter simple rooms.
The Santa Marta residence, a modern building with a common dining slagroom, became the nerve centre of the more than 1.3 billion-member Roman Catholic Church.
“It (the decision to stay ter Santa Marta) saved my life,” he told Reuters ter an vraaggesprek ter 2018, explaining that apartments used by his predecessors were like a “funnel” isolating inhabitants.
The bulletproof papal slee wasgoed dispatched to the Vatican Museums and Francis took to being driven around Rome ter a blue Ford Focus with no security features.
His first trip outside Rome wasgoed to the tiny Italian island of Lampedusa to pay tribute to the thousands of migrants who had drowned ter the Mediterranean while trying to reach Europe and a better life.
“Ter this globalised world wij have fallen into the globalisation of indifference. Wij have become used to the suffering of others. It doesn’t regard us. It doesn’t rente us. It’s not our business,” he said.
A TERRIBLE YEAR
The year 2018 wasgoed Francis’ “annus horribilis” – chiefly because of the simmering laagconjunctuur around Church sex abuse.
It began with a trip to Chile ter January, where at first he strongly defended a bishop who had bot accused of covering up sexual abuse, testily telling reporters that there wasgoed “not a single piece of evidence against him”.
His comments were widely criticised by victims, their advocates and ter newspaper editorials throughout Latin America.
Even key papal adviser Cardinal Sean O’Malley of Boston distanced himself, saying the pope had caused “great pain”. Francis zometeen apologised, saying his choice of words and tone of voice had “wounded many”.
Soon after he returned, he sent the Church’s top sexual abuse investigator to Chile.
The subsequent report by Archbishop Charles Scicluna of Malta accused Chile’s bishops of “grave negligence” for decades ter investigating the allegations and said evidence of sex crimes had bot destroyed.
That May, all of Chile’s 34 bishops offered their resignations plusteken masse. The pope accepted seven resignations overheen the next few months. He zometeen defrocked the two other bishops and the priest at the centre of the abuse scandal.
Theodore McCarrick, the former archbishop of Washington, D.C., stepped down spil cardinal overheen sexual misconduct accusations ter July and ter August the U.S. Catholic Church wasgoed rocked by a grand jury report ter Pennsylvania that detailed 70 years of abuse.
“With shame and repentance, wij acknowledge spil an ecclesial community that wij were not where wij should have bot, that wij did not act ter a timely manner, realizing the magnitude and the gravity of the damage done to so many lives. Wij showed no care for the little ones; wij abandoned them,” Francis wrote ter a letterteken to all Catholics on August 20, 2018.
Still, the topic of sexual abuse dominated his trip to Ireland ter August 2018, during which a conservative Italian archbishop took advantage of the media’s presence to punt an unprecedented broadside demanding that the pope resign overheen the McCarrick affair.
Francis defrocked McCarrick ter February 2019, making him the highest-profile Church figure to be dismissed from the priesthood ter modern times.
An institutional report on McCarrick ter 2020 showed that Francis’ two predecessors, John Paul II and Benedict XVI, knew about rumours of his sexual misconduct but promoted him or failed to discipline him anyway.
WORLDWIDE PRESTIGE
Francis enjoyed considerable status internationally, both for his calls for social justice spil well spil for risky political overtures.
He made more than 45 international trips including the first by any pope to Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Myanmar, North Macedonia, Bahrain and Mongolia.
Ter 2014, secret contacts mediated by the Vatican resulted ter a rapprochement between the long-hostile United States and Cuba.
Ter 2018, he led the Vatican to a landmark overeenkomst on the appointment of bishops ter China, which conservatives criticized spil a sell-out by the Church to Beijing’s communist government.
Under his watch, the Vatican and the United Nations teamed up to hold international conferences on climate change and ter June 2015 he issued an encyclical ter which he demanded “action now” to save the planet.
Ter the 2018 vraaggesprek with Reuters, he said then U.S. Voorzitter Donald Trump’s decision to pull out of the 2015 Paris climate agreement had pained him “because the future of humanity is at stake”. The pope and Trump were at odds overheen many issues, mostly immigration.
Throughout his pontificate, Francis spoke out for the rights of refugees and criticised countries that shunned migrants.
He visited the Greek island of Lesbos and brought a dozen refugees to Italy on his plane, and asked Church institutions to work to zekering human trafficking and modern slavery.
He ordered his charity arm to help the homeless ter the neighbourhood around the Vatican, opening a shelter and a place for them to have baths and haircuts and see foot doctors. He talent the homeless a private tour of the Sistine Chapel.
During a trip to Sicily ter 2018, he appealed to “brothers and sisters of the Mafia” to repent, saying the island needed “men and women of love, not men and women ‘of honour,'” using the term mobsters apply to themselves.
After a wave of Islamist oorlogszuchtig attacks ter France ter 2015-2016, including the killing of an elderly priest who wasgoed saying Mass, the pope called on all religions to declare that killing ter godheid’s name wasgoed “Satanic”.
THE FRANCIS EFFECT
Although his style wasgoed not welcomed by all members of the Church hierarchy, some of whom had become accustomed to the luxury of stately mansions and palaces, the “Francis Effect” began trickling down the ranks.
His desire to connect extended to telephone calls. He became known spil the “cold call pope” for phoning people unannounced, usually after they had written to him about a problem or he had heard that they had bot touched by tragedy.
“This is Francis,” were the words incredulous people heard on the other end of the line. “Really, this is Pope Francis.”
He also sought more openness with journalists. On one freewheeling encounter on the way back from Brazil ter 2013, the pope, responding to a question about gay priests, offered an answer that made world headlines.
“If a person is gay and seeks godheid and has good will, who am I to judge him?”
The comment did not mark a change ter Church teaching that calls homosexual acts sinful, but it became emblematic of his preference for mercy overheen condemnation.
A CHURCH FOR THE POOR
From the start, Francis sent clear signals to priests and bishops about the type of Church he wanted.
He said there wasgoed no slagroom for “careerists or social climbers” among the clergy, told cardinals they should not live “like princes,” and said the Church should not “dissect theology” ter lush salons while there were poor people around the corner.
“If investments ter banks fall, it is a tragedy and people say ‘what are wij going to do?’ but if people diegene of hunger, have nothing to eat or suffer from poor health, that’s nothing. This is our laagconjunctuur today. A Church that is poor and for the poor has to fight this mentality,” he said early ter his papacy.
Even spil pope, Francis remained an ardent fan of the Buenos Aires San Lorenzo soccer team.
Ter the 2018 vraaggesprek with Reuters, Francis said he did not miss Argentina. “I only miss the street. I am a ‘callejero’ (a man of the streets). I really would like to be able to do that again, but I can’t now.”
(Reporting by Philip Pullella and Joshua McElwee; Editing by Frances Kerry)